Abstract text (incl. figure legends and references)

A wavelength-dependent multifunctional light-sheet nanoscopy (MLSN) was developed to simultaneously track spatial movement (x, y, z), rotational dynamics (azimuth and elevation angles) and transport speed (v) of anisotropic nanoparticles in single live cells, which are referred to as six dimensions (6D) single-particle tracking (SPT). To obtain more detailed information for cell imaging, differential interference contrast, total internal reflection, epifluorescence, and super-resolution radial fluctuation-stream module were combined with the light-sheet nanoscopy. Because of anisotropic optical property, native gold nanorods (AuNRs; 5 nm diameter × 15 nm length) and surface-functionalized AuNRs were used as imaging probes for 6D SPT. s-pol and p-pol light sheets induced by optical polarizer could trigger the asymmetric scattering of AuNRs. Therefore, real-time photoswitching images of AuNRs were achieved for super-resolution images and multi-dimensional SPT. Using this technique, the endocytosis and transport processes of AuNRs at the upper and attaching side membrane regions of single live cells were directly observed. The native and surface-functionalized AuNRs showed various motional behaviors on cell membrane, internalization time and intracellular transport processes due to their different surface properties. This MLSN technology is a promising tool to shed new light on the working mechanism of living cells and to decipher super-resolution imaging of living cells with non-fluorescent imaging probes.