Abstract text (incl. figure legends and references)
Introduction: Infection of implanted medical devices (biomaterials), like titanium orthopaedic implants, can have disastrous consequences, including removal of the device. These so-called biomaterial-associated infections (BAI) are mainly caused by staphylococci.
Objectives: To prevent biofilm formation using a non-antibiotic based strategy, we aimed to develop a novel permanently fixed antimicrobial coating for titanium devices based on stable immobilized quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs).
Materials & methods: Medical grade titanium implants were dip-coated in subsequent solutions of hyperbranched polymer, polyethyleneimine and 10 mM sodium iodide, and ethanol. The QAC-coating was characterized using WCA measurements, SEM, FTIR, AFM and XPS. The antimicrobial activity of the coating was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the JIS Z 2801:2000 surface microbicidal assay. Lastly, we assessed the in vivo antimicrobial activity in a mouse subcutaneous implant infection model with S. aureus administered locally on the QAC-coated implants prior to implantation to mimic contamination during surgery.
Results: Detailed material characterization of the titanium samples showed the presence of a homogenous and stable layer at the surface. Moreover, the coating successfully killed S. aureus and S. epidermidis in vitro. The QAC-coating strongly reduced S. aureus colonization of the implant surface as well as of the surrounding tissue, with no apparent macroscopic signs of toxicity or inflammation in the peri-implant tissue at 1 and 4 days after implantation.
Conclusion: An antimicrobial coating with stable quaternary ammonium compounds on titanium has been developed which holds promise to prevent BAI. Non-antibiotic-based antimicrobial coatings have great significance in guiding the design of novel antimicrobial coatings in the present, post-antibiotic era.
This research was financially supported by Health~Holland/LSH-TKI.